我的听写日志：

2008.12.08
1．场景分类训练下-business类 第一篇
I hope you’ve all finished reading the assigned chapter on insurance, so that you are prepared for our discussion today. But before we start, I’d like to mention a few things your text doesn’t go into. It’s interesting to note that the insurance has existed in some form for a very long time. The earliest insurance policies were what we called bottomry 船舶抵押契约；冒险贷借； contracts; they provided shipping protection for merchants as far back as 3000BC. In general, the contracts were often no more than verbal agreements. They granted [grant] to give or accord loans to merchants with the understanding than if a particular shipment of goods was lost at sea, the loan didn’t have to be repaid. Interest on the loans varied according to how risky it was to transport the goods. During periods of heavy piracy 海盗；at sea for example, the amount of interest and cost of the policy went up considerably, so you can see how insurance helped encourage international trade. Even the most cautious merchant became willing to risk shipping their goods over long distances, not to mention in hazardous 危险的；冒险的；weather conditions when they had this kind of protection available. Generally speaking, the basic form of insurance policy has been pretty much the same since the Middle Ages. There are four points that were salient 突出的，显著的； then and remain paramount 最高的； in all policies today. There were outlined in chapter 6 and will serve as the basis for the rest of today’s discussion. Can anyone tell me what one of those points might be?
go into：
no more than：
granted：
than if：
盲区句子
1. They granted [grant, grahnt] to give or accord loans to merchants with the understanding than if a particular shipment of goods was lost at sea,
2. Even the most cautious merchant became willing to risk shipping their goods over long distances, not to mention in hazardous 危险的；冒险的；weather conditions when they had this kind of protection available.
3. the basic form of insurance policy has been pretty much the same since the Middle Ages. There are four points that were salient 突出的，显著的； then and remain paramount 最高的； in all policies today
4. will serve as the basis for the rest of today’s discussion. Can anyone tell me what one of those points might be?
2008.12.10
2．场景分类训练下-business类 第三篇

Thank you all for coming out this evening to meet sociologist Ellen Lambert, Ms Lambert specializes in research on the workplace, and recently has been writing about the future of work. This topic should be of special interests, since I know many of you are already at the forefront 最前部，最前线； of workplace technology. For example, let’s have a show of hands to see how many people here telecommute (在家里通过使用与工作单位连接的计算机终端)远距离工作； at least part of time. I see eight hands raised. Well, you eight folks 复数指人们；单数是家属亲戚之意；who work at home and communicate with your office via computer, represent one of the trends Ms Lambert has described: that people has becoming less tied to the workplace. One of the important tools for telecommuting is electronic mail or email. Email let’s you send and receive messages almost immediately on your computer. But you control when you read them and when you respond to them. This technology allows people to have more control over time than when relying solely on the telephone. Our guests tonight will discuss how these important changes will alter the way we will work. But before turning the floor 发言权；over to Ms Lambert, I would just like to remind you that she will be available to answer any individual questions at the reception immediately following this talk.
Turn the floor over to ….把发言权给…
coming out：
specializes in：
be of special interests：
at the forefront of：
via computer：
represent one of the trends：
less tied to the workplace：
alter the way we will work：
1. Thank you all for coming out this evening to meet sociologist Ellen Lambert,
2. are already at the forefront 最前部，最前线； of workplace technology
3．telecommute (在家里通过使用与工作单位连接的计算机终端)远距离工作； at least part of time
4.
2008.12.11
3．场景分类训练下-business类 第二篇

Current studies show that what goes on labels is important consideration for manufacturers, since more than 70% of shoppers read food labels when considering whether to buy a product. A recent controversy： contention as to whether labels on prepared foods should educate or merely inform the consumer is over, and a consumer group got its way. The group has maintained, that product labels should do more than simply list how many grams of nutrients a food contains, their contention /kənˈtɛn ʃən/：dispute; controversy was that labels should also list the percentage of a day’s total nutrients that the product will supply to the consumer. Because this information is essential in planning a healthy diet, a government agency disagreed strongly, favoring ：to prefer the label that merely informs the consumer. In other words, a label that only lists the contents of the products, the agency maintained that consumers could decide for themselves if the food is nutritious and is meeting their daily needs. The consumer group, in supporting its case, had cited： to mention in support a survey in which shoppers were shown a food label, and were then asked if they would need more or less of a certain nutrients after eating a serving：a single portion of food or drink of this products. The shoppers weren’t able to answer the questions easily when they were not given a specific percentage. This study and others helped get the new regulation passed, and now food products must have the more detailed labels.

controversy as to：….关于什么的争论
prepared foods熟食；调理食品；预制食品；
educate：to develop or train (the ear, taste, etc.) one's palate（味觉） to appreciate fine food
is essential in planning：
got its way：
should do more than simply：
2008.12.13
4．场景分类训练下-business类 第四篇

Today, I’d like to turn our attention to an area of management often overlooked in traditional management courses: small-business management. Small businesses have gone from being traditional small-town stores selling food or clothing to sophisticated, high-tech enterprises, and in addition to the important products they produce, they create jobs for lots of people because there are so many of them. It is important for management to keep in mind which of the customers’ needs the business serves, because it can’t serve all their needs. Writing a business plan that everyone in the organization understands and follows will help to provide the necessary focus and direction. It is important to state clearly what the purpose of the business is. Additionally, each person within the organization must know what tasks to perform in order to fulfill that purpose. Now if for some reason a business plan doesn’t work, try hard to discover why not. Rewrite it and immediately focus on the new plan. A word of caution, however, never give up a bad plan without replacing it. A business has to have a plan, because it can not afford to waste its limited resources. And as you know, waste leads to unnecessarily high production costs. Production costs are at the heart of the company’s ability to make a high quality product and sell it at an affordable price.

2008.12.14
5．场景分类训练下-人体生理心理学类 第一篇

In our lab today we’ll be testing a hypothesis that babies can count as early as five months age, the six babies here are all less than six months old. You will be watching them on closed-circuit TV and measuring their responses.
The experiment is based on the well-established observation that babies stare longer if they don’t see what they expect to see. First we are going to let two dolls move slowly in front of the babies. The babies will see the two dolls disappear behind a screen. Your job is to record, in seconds, how long the babies stare at the dolls when the screen is removed. In the next stage, two dolls will again move in front of the babies and disappear, but then a third doll will follow. When the screen is removed, the babies will only see two dolls. If we are right, the babies will now stare longer, because they expect three dolls but only see two. It seems remarkable to think that such young children can count. My own research has convinced me that they have this ability from birth. But whether they do or not, perhaps we should raise another question, should we take advantage of this ability by teaching children mathematics at such a young age, they have great untapped potential, but is it good for parents to pressure young children.

Doll [dol]:small figure representing a baby or other human being, esp. for use as a child's toy
Untapped: Not utilized
closed-circuit:闭路电视；

6．场景分类训练下-人体生理心理学类 第二篇

Do you have trouble sleeping at night? Then maybe this is for you. When you worry about needing sleep and toss and turn trying to find a comfortable position, you’re probably only making matters worse. What happens when you do that is that your heart rate actually increases, making it more difficult to relax. You may also have some bad habits that contribute to the problem. Do you rest frequently during the day? Do you get virtually no exercise, or do you exercise strenuously late in the day? Are you preoccupied with sleep, or do you sleep late on the weekends? Any or all of these factors might be leading to your insomnia by disrupting your body’s natural rhythm. What should you do, then, on those sleepless nights? Don’t bother with sleeping pills. They can actually cause worse insomnia later. The best thing to do is to drink milk or eat cheese or tuna fish. These are all rich in amino acids that help produce a neurotransmitter the brain that induces sleep. This neurotransmitter will help you relax, and you will be on your way to getting a good night’s sleep. Until tomorrows’ broadcast, this has been another in the series “hints for good health”.

Toss /tɔs/:to throw or send from one to another
Toss and turn: to be unable to sleep because of worrying,
Strenuously /ˈstrɛn yu əsli/: Vigorously active
Insomnia /ɪnˈsɒm ni ə/: difficulty in falling or staying asleep; sleeplessness
Neurotransmitter /ˌnʊər oʊˈtræns mɪt ər/: any of several chemical substances, as epinephrine or acetylcholine, that transmit nerve impulses across a synapse to a postsynaptic element, as another nerve, muscle, or gland.
Cheese or tuna fish /ˈtu nə/: The edible flesh of tuna, often canned or processed. Also called tuna fish
Hint /hɪnt/: an indirect, covert, or helpful suggestion
Preoccupied /priˈɒk yəˌpaɪd/: filled

2008.12.15
7．场景分类训练下-人体生理心理学类 第三篇

Today we are going to talk about shyness and discuss recent research on ways to help children learn to interact socially. Many people consider themselves shy. In fact, 40% of the people who took part in our survey said they were shy. That’s two out every five people. And there are studies to indicate that the tendency towards shyness may be inherited. But just because certain children are timid doesn’t mean they are doomed to be shy forever. There are things parents, teachers, and the children themselves can do to overcome this tendency, and even to prevent it. One researcher found that if parents gently push their shy children to try new things, they can help these children become less afraid and less inhibited. Another way to help shy children is to train them in social skills. For example, there are special training groups where children are taught things like looking at other children while talking to them, talking about other people’s interests, and even smiling. These groups have been very successful at giving shy children a place to feel safe and accepted, and at building up their self-esteem.

Shyness: The quality or state of being shy
Tendency: an inclination, bent, or predisposition to something
Doom: unavoidable ill fortune
self-esteem:
2008.12.15
8．场景分类训练下-人体生理心理学类 第四篇

You might think that most of the patients at sleep clinics are being treated for sleeplessness commonly referred to as insomnia. But that is not the case. The majority of the sleep-clinic patients suffer from disorders of excessive sleep or hypersomnia. While most insomniacs somehow manage to drag themselves through the day and function at acceptable, although not optimal levels, this is not so for people who suffer from hypersomnia. They are incapacitated by irresistible urges to sleep during the day, often in inappropriate situations, at business meetings, in supermarkets or parties. Even more dangerous is their failure to remain awake when driving or operating machinery. Falling in asleep in such situations could obviously be life threatening.
Many hypersomniacs suffer from narcolepsy, for which the primary symptom is excessive daytime sleepiness, though not apparent in childhood. This symptom most often appears for the first time during the teen years, and continues throughout a person’s life. The sleep attacks may occur as many as 15 to 20 times during the course of the day, and last for periods for 15 minutes up to 2 hours. What can be done to help those suffering from narcolepsy? There are certain drugs that can help, and specialists suggest voluntary napping to decrease the frequency of such sleep attacks.
Incapacitated/ˌɪn kəˈpæs ɪˌteɪ tɪd/：unable to act, respond
Irresistible /ˌɪr ɪˈzɪs tə bəl/：incapable of being resisted or withstood
Narcolepsy /ˈnɑr kəˌlɛp si/：a condition characterized by frequent and uncontrollable periods of deep sleep
Symptom /ˈsɪmp təm/：a phenomenon that arises from and accompanies a particular disease or disorder and serves as an indication of it
Teen /tin/：a teenager
Hypersomnia/ˌhaɪ pərˈsɒm ni ə/：a tendency to sleep excessively
Hypersomniac/ˌhaɪ pərˈsɒm niæk /：
Insomniac /ɪnˈsɒm niˌæk/：a person who suffers from insomnia
Optimal /ˈɒp tə məl/：Most favorable or desirable
Voluntary：acting in accord with the will
Napping：a brief period of sleep
Apparent /əˈpɛər ənt /：

2008.12.16
9．场景分类训练下-人体生理心理学类 第五篇

Did you know you can catch a mood? A bad mood isn’t spread by a virus like the flu is, but it can be contagious. Moods sort of drift from person to person unconsciously-slight, unintentional signals carry the mood. You’ve probably experienced it yourself. You’re around someone who’s feeling down and showing it…slumped shoulders, downcast mouth, subdued voice-all that sort of thing. Pretty soon you begin to feel depressed too. Of course, good moods are also catching, not just bad ones. Moods spread in steps. One person’s facial expression or whatever is observed by another who then unconsciously begins to mimic. The process is automatic-a split second mimicry. The person isn’t even aware of the copying. A full-blown case of mood transfer develops as this copying continues. Not everyone picks up the moods to the same degree. Those who’re most susceptible often have strong physiological responses to what is going on around them. You know people who break out in a nervous sweat easily and whose stomachs churn. People don’t all send moods equally well either. The best mood senders are expressive people because mood contagion can’t happen without signals. If they aren’t there-that is the person gives no indication of the mood they are in-no body will pick up the mood.
sort of:ad，有几分的（稍稍，到某种程度）；
Flu [ flu: ]: n. 流行性感冒
Contagious [ kən'teidʒəs ]: a. 传染性的,会蔓延的,会传播的
Drift [ drift ]: n. 漂移,漂流物,观望,漂流,吹积物,趋势
Unconsciously [ ʌn'kɔnʃəsli ]: ad. 无意识地,无意中,不知不觉
Slight [ slait ]: a. 轻微的,纤细的,脆弱的
Unintentional [ 'ʌnin'tenʃənl ]: a. 非故意的,无心的
Slumped [ slʌmp ]: v. 猛然掉落
Downcast [ 'daunkɑ:st ]: a. 气馁的,悲哀的
Subdued [ sʌb'djʊd ]: a. 屈服的, 被抑制的, 柔和的, 减弱的
Depressed [ di'prest ]: a. 沮丧的,降低的
Catching [ 'kætʃiŋ ]：a. 易传染的
Mimic [ 'mimik ]: a. 模仿的,假的
Split [ split ]: n. 劈开,裂片,裂口
Mimicry [ 'mimikri ]: n. 模仿
Copying [ 'kɔpiiŋ ]：n. 复制
full-blown：a. 盛开的, 张满的, 成熟的
transfer [ træns'fə: ]：n. 迁移,移动
pick up：获得，学会
Susceptible [ sə'septəbl ]: a. 易受影响的,易感动的,容许
Physiological [ ,fiziə'lɔdʒikəl ]: a. 生理的,生理学的
break out in：突然出现
Sweat [ swet ]: v. 出汗
Churn [ tʃə:n ]: v. 搅拌,搅动
Stomach [ 'stʌmək ]: n. 胃; v. 忍受,容忍
Contagion [ kən'teidʒən ]: n. 传染,传染病,蔓延

2008.12.17
10．场景分类训练下-人体生理心理学类 第六篇

Did you ever wonder why it is that most people are programmed to sleep at night instead of during the day? If there is something about the cycle of light and dark that’s telling us when to sleep, then shouldn’t the sleep cycle of a blind person be different? As it turns out, many blind people, people with no visual perception of light at all, do have the same sleep cycle as sighted people. So now you are wondering, how can this happen? The answer is hormones, one hormone in particular. It is called melatonin. In sighted people, the level of melatonin goes up at night or when it’s dark and goes down in the day or when it’s light. It is believed that it’s the presence of this hormone in the blood that gives us the urge to sleep. If an increase in melatonin level programs sighted people to sleep at night, then what about blind people? A researcher named Dr. Charles Czeisler, tells us about an interesting experiment. He tried shining a bright light into the eyes of some blind people. When he did this, he noticed that the level of melatonin in the blood of these subjects went down, just as it would do for sighted people. Somehow the eyes of these subjects, even though they were damaged and had no visual perception of light, could tell their brain when there was more or less light. Now this doesn’t work for all blind people. In fact, most of Czeisler’s subjects had no hormonal response to light at all. Further research may be able to explain this sensitivity to light in terms of the type of blindness of the subject.
Melatonin

2008.12.18
11．场景分类训练下-人体生理心理学类 第七篇

So you see, physical illness can have psychological causes. Now we just have time to introduce another interesting example of the interaction between the mind and the body-Placebos. Placebos-maybe you’ve heard them called sugar pills-are harmless substances-not always sugar-that are used routinely on groups of sick people in experiments. These experiments test the effectiveness of new drugs. One group is given the new drug, the other group is given a placebo, and the results are measured. As you might guess, some of the people who receive the new drug get better. Surprisingly, however, some of the placebo group also get better. Why? Well, it’s an interesting question. One which doctors can’t quite answer. Some of the group may’ve gotten better on their own, without any treatment at all. But research has shown that the very act of taking a medication that you think will make you better, often does make you feel better. Have you ever taken an aspirin and felt better in five minutes? Aspirin doesn’t work that fast, does it？Basically, if you believe you will get better, sometimes you do. The history of how doctors and healers have used the mind-body connection to cure people is long and interesting. But I see that it’s time to close, so I’ll have to cover this in the next class. You’ll have to hold your questions on this topic till then, before you go, I have some handouts for you, concerning the midterm exams next week.

Placebo /pləˈsi boʊ/:
Aspirin /ˈæs pər ɪn/:
Healer/ˈhi lər/:person or thing that heals

2008.12.19
12．场景分类训练下-人类学类 第一篇

Today’s lecture will center on prehistoric people of the Nevada desert. Now, most of these prehistoric desert people moved across the countryside throughout the year. You might think that they were wandering aimlessly-far from it. They actually followed a series of carefully planned moves. Where they move depended on where food was available-Places where plants were ripening or fish were spawning.
Now often when these people moved, they carried all their possessions on their backs. But if the journey was long, extra foods and tools were sometimes stored in caves or beneath rocks. One of these caves is now an exciting archaeological site. Beyond its small opening is a huge underground grotto. Even though the cave is very large, it was certainly too dark and dusty for the travelers to live in-but it was a great place to hide things, and tremendous amounts of food supplies and artifacts have been found there. The food includes dried fish, seeds and nuts. The artifacts include the stone spear points and knives. The spear points are actually rather small. Here’s a picture of some that were found. You can see their size in relation to the hands holding them.
Ripening：acquiring desirable qualities by being left undisturbed for some time
Spawning/spɔn/：the mass of eggs deposited by fishes
Grotto/ˈgrɒt oʊ/：a cave or cavern
Spear/spɪər/：a similar weapon or stabbing implement, as one for use in fishing

2008.12.19
13．场景分类训练下-人类学类 第二篇

Well, if there were no more questions, I would like to continue our discussion of human evolution, by looking at Homo erectus-the earliest of our ancestors who stood upright. Homo erectus lived about one and half million years ago, and was given that name because at the time the first fossil was discovered. It represented the first primate to stand upright. There is evidence now that Homo erectus had shaper mental skills than their predecessors. They constructed the first standardized tools for hunting and butchering. They created an extraordinary stone implement-a large teardrop-shaped hand ax, whose design and symmetry reveal a keen sense of aesthetics. This detailing, along with the ax’s utilitarian value, strongly suggests that Homo erectus had the ability to conceive of and execute a design to specification. In addition, Homo erectus was the first hominid to use fire. This discovery enticed them to cook meat, which they could favor and keep from spilling by flame, and which paleontologists now believe may have given them a new disease. Some fossils bones of Homo erectus are grossly deformed, and paleontologists have noticed that this condition is similar to that found in people today who have been exposed to chronic overdoses of vitamin A. Apparently, Homo erectus first got this disease by eating a large amounts of animal liver.
Aesthetics/ɛsˈθɛt ɪks/:
Homo [ 'həuməu ]:人；
Erectus:直立的；
Primate [ 'praimit ] .: n. 灵长目动物
Predecessor [ 'pri:disesə ]: n. 前辈,前任
Butchering [ 'butʃə ]: n. 屠夫
Teardrop: n. 泪珠
Ax [ æks ]: n. 斧子
Symmetry [ 'simitri ]: n. 对称(性),匀称,整齐
Utilitarian [ ,ju:tili'tɛəriən ]: a. 功利的,实利的
Conceive [ kən'si:v ] .: v. 构思,以为,怀孕
Hominid [ 'hɔminid ]: n. 原始人类
Entice [ in'tais ]: v. 诱骗,引诱
Spilling [ 'spiliŋ ]: 泄漏
Flame [ fleim ] .: n. 火焰,火舌,热情
Paleontologist /ˌpeɪ li ənˈtɒl ə dʒist/:古生物学着
Grossly [ 'grəusli ]: ad. 非常,很,粗
Deformed [ di'fɔ:md ]: a. 变形的,丑的,破相了的,畸形的
Chronic [ 'krɔnik ]: a. 长期的,慢性的
Overdoses [ 'əuvədəus ]: n. 配药量过多,过量
Shaper [ 'ʃeipə ]: n. 整形器
Mental [ 'mentl ]: a. 精神的,脑力的
Execute [ 'eksikju:t ]: v. 执行,实行,完成
Specification [ ,spesifi'keiʃən ]: n. 规格,详述,详细说明书
2008.12.20
14．场景分类训练下-人类学类 第三篇

I understand your professor has been discussing several Eastern Woodland Indian tribes in your study of Native American cultures. As you have probably learned, the Eastern Woodland Indians get their name from the forest-covered areas of the eastern United States where they lived. The earliest Woodland cultures date back nine thousand years. But the group we’ll focus on dates back only to about seven hundred AD. We now called these Native Americans the Mississippian culture, because they settled in the Mississippi river valley. This civilization is known for its flat-topped monuments, called temple mounds. They were made of earth and used as temples and official residences. The temple mounds were located in the central square of the city, with the huts of the townspeople built in rows around the plaza. The Mississippian people were city dwellers. But some city residents earned their living as farmers, tending the fields of corn, beans and squash that surrounded the city. The city’s artisans made arrowheads, leather goods, pottery, and jewelry. Traders came from far away to exchange raw materials for these items. In the slides I’m about to show, you will see models of a Mississippian city.

Woodland [ 'wudlənd ]: n. 森林地,林地
Monument [ 'mɔnjumənt ]: n. 纪念碑
Mound [ maund ]: n. 土墩,堤,小山
Hut [ hʌt ]: n. 小屋,棚屋
Plaza [ 'plɑ:zə ]: n. 广场,市场
Bean [ bi:n ]:豆
Squash [ skwɔʃ ]：南瓜
Arrowhead [ 'ærəuhed ]：箭头
Pottery [ 'pɔtəri ]：陶器；
Tend：趋势；照料；管理；
2008.12.20
15．场景分类训练下-历史类之一第一篇

Good evening, my name is Pam Jones, and on behalf of the modern dance club, I’d like to welcome you to tonight’s program. The club is pleased to present the TV version of the Catherine Wheel, Twyla Tharp’s rocks ballet. This video version of the ballet has been even more successful with audiences than the original theater production-it includes some animation, slow motion and stop action freezes that really help the audience understand the dance. The title of the piece refers to Saint Catherine, who died on a wheel in 307 AD. Nowadays, a Catherine wheel is also a kind of firework-it looks like some pinwheel. Anyway, the dance is certainly full of fireworks! You’ll see how Twyla Tharp explores one family’s attempt to confront the violence in modern life. The central symbol of the work is a pineapple… but exactly what it represents has always created a lot of controversy. As you watch, see if you can figure it out. The music for this piece is full of rhythmic energy of rock music. It was composed by Divid Byrne…. of the rock ban talking heads. And the lead dancer in this version is Sara Tudner, who is perfectly suited to Tharp’s adventurous choreography. Following the video, dance teacher Mary Parker will lead a discussion about the symbolism Ms. Tharp used, we hope you can stay for that. So enjoy tonight’s video and thank you for your support.
Animation [ ,æni'meiʃən ]: n. 活泼,生气,卡通制作
Ballet [ 'bælei ]: n. 芭蕾舞
Rhythmic [ 'riðmik ]: a. 间歇的(调和的)
Choreography [ ,kɔ(:)ri'ɔgrəfi ]: n. 舞蹈,舞蹈编排
Pineapple [ 'painæpl ]: n. 菠萝
Pinwheel [ 'pin,wi:l ]: n. 轮转焰火,纸风车
2008.12.21
16．场景分类训练下-历史类之一第二篇

Before starting our tour of Monticello, I’d like to give you some historical facts that might help you appreciate what you see today even more. Monticello was the very much loved home of Thomas Jefferson for over fifty years. Jefferson, who was, of course, president, was also a great reader and language enthusiast. He read widely on different subjects, including architecture. He wasn’t formally trained in architecture, but as a result of his study and observation of other buildings, he was able to help design and build the house. He chose the site himself, naming the estate Monticello, which means little mountain in Italian. In fact, many of the ideas behind the design also came from the Italian architect Andrea Palladio, who lived in the 16th century and who had a great influence on the architecture of England. Jefferson however ignored one of Palladio’s principles, that is not to build in a high place. Monticello’s elevation made the transportation of what was needed at the house, for example, food, especially difficult. But the view from the estate would not be as spectacular if Jefferson had followed Palladio’s advice. There really is no boundary between the house and the nature around it, and so Jefferson was able to look out on his beloved state of Virginia from this wonderful vantage point. Now we’ll go on to Jefferson’s library.

Monticello:
Enthusiast [ in'θju:ziæst ]: n. 热心人
Estate [ i'steit ]: n. 财产,房地产
Elevation [ ,eli'veiʃən ]: n. 海拔,提高
Spectacular [ spek'tækjulə ]: a. 公开展示的,惊人的
Virginia [ və(:)'dʒinjə ]: n. 佛吉尼亚(州)[美国]
Vantage [ 'vɑ:ntidʒ ]: n. 优势,有利情况
2008.12.21
17．场景分类训练下-历史类之一第三篇

Welcome to the four winds historical farm, where traditions of the past is preserved for visitors like you. Today our master thatches will begin giving this barn behind me a sturdy thatched roof, able to withstand heavy winds and last up to a hundred years. How do they do it? Well, in a nutshell, thatching involves covering the beams or rafters-the wooden skeleton of a roof-with reeds or straw. Our thatches here have harvested their own natural materials for the job-the bundles of water reeds, you see lying over there beside the barn. Thatching is certainly uncommon in the United States today, I guess that’s why so many of you have come to see this demonstration. But it wasn’t always that way. In the seventeen century, the colonists here thatched their roofs with reeds and straw, just as they had done in England. After a while though, they begin to replace the thatch with wooden shingles, because wood was so plentiful. And eventually, other roofing materials, like stone, slate, clay tiles come into use. It’s a real shame that most people today don’t realize how strong and long lasting a thatched roof is. In Ireland, where thatching is still practiced, the roofs can survive winds of up to 110miles per hour. That’s because straw and reeds are so flexible, they bend but don’t break in the wind like other materials can. Another advantage is that the roofs keep the house cool in the summer and warm in the winter. And then of course, there is the roof’s longevity. The average is sixty years, but they can last up to a hundred. With all these reasons to start thatching roofs again, wouldn’t it be wonderful to see this disappearing craft return to popularity.

Shingle[ 'ʃiŋgl ]: n. 木瓦(小圆石)
Slate[ sleit ]: n.板岩, 石板, 石片, 蓝色
Tile[ tail ]: n. 砖瓦
2008.12.22
18．场景分类训练下-历史类之一第四篇

A lot of people in the United States are coffee drinkers. Over the last few years, a trend has been developing to introduce premium specially blended coffee-known as gourmet coffees-into the American market. Boston seems to have been the birthplace of this trend. In fact, major gourmet coffees merchants from other cities like Seattle and San Francisco came to Boston, where today they’ve engaged in a kind of coffee war with Boston’s merchants. They are all competing for a significant share of the gourmet coffee market. Surprisingly, the competition among these leading gourmet coffee businesses will not hurt any of them. Expert predict, that the gourmet coffee market in the United States is growing and will continue to grow, to the point that gourmet coffee will soon capture half of what is now a 1.5-million-dollar market and will be an 8-million-dollar market by 1999. Studies have shown that coffee drinkers who convert to gourmet coffee seldom go back to the regular brands found in supermarkets. As a result, these brands will be the real losers in the gourmet coffee competition.

Premium [ 'primjəm ]: n. 额外费用,奖金,保险费
Blended [ 'blendid ]: a. 混合的(混杂的)
Gourmet [ 'guəmei ]: n. 美食者
Birthplace [ 'bə:θpleis ]: n. 诞生地

2008.12.23
17．场景分类训练下-历史类之一第五篇

You may remember that a few weeks ago, we discussed the question of what photography is. Is it art or is it method of reproducing images? Do photographs belonging in museums or just in our homes. Today I want to talk about a person who tried to make his professional life an answer to such questions. Alfred Stieglitz went from the United States to Germany to study engineering. While he was there, he became interested in photography and began to experiment with his camera. He took pictures under conditions that most photographers considered too difficult. He took them at night, in the rain, and of people and objects reflected in windows. When he returned to the United States, he continued these revolutionary efforts. Stieglitz was the first person to photograph skyscrapers, clouds and views of airplane. What Stieglitz was trying to do in these photographs was what he tried to do throughout his life, make photography an art. He felt that photography could be just as good a form of self-expression as painting or drawing. For Stieglitz, his camera was his brush. While many photographers of the late 1800’s and early 1900’s thought of their work as a reproduction of identical images, Stieglitz saw his as a creative art form. He understood the power of the camera to capture the moment. In fact, he never retouched his prints or made copies of them. If he were in this classroom today, I’m sure he’d say, well, painters don’t normally make extra copies of their paintings, do they?

2008.12.23
18．场景分类训练下-历史类之一第六篇

So, uh… as Jim said, James Polk was the eleventh president. And well, my report’s about the next president-Zachary Taylor. Taylor was elected in1849. It’s surprising because… well, he was the first president that didn’t have any previous political experience. The main reason he was chosen as a candidates was because he was a war hero. In the army, his men called him “Old Rough and Ready”… I guess because of his rough edges. He was kind of blunt and he didn’t really look like a military hero. He liked to do things like wear civilian clothes instead of a uniform-even in battle. And he was so short and plump he had to be lifted up onto his horse. But he did win a lot of battles and he became more and more popular. So the Whig party decided to nominate him for the presidency, even though no one knew anything about where he stood on the issues. I couldn’t find much about his accomplishments. Probably because he was only in the office about a year and a half before he died. But one thing, he pushed for the development of the transcontinental railroad, because he thought it was important to form a link with the West Coast. There was a lot of wealth in California, and Oregon from commerce and minerals and staff. Also, he established an agricultural bureau in the department of Interior, and promoted more government aid to agriculture. Well, that’s about all I found. Like I said, he died in office in 1850. so his Vice presidency took over. And that’s the next report. So thank you.

Rough [ rʌf ]: a. 粗糙的,粗略的
Edges [ edʒ ]: n. 边,边缘,优势
Blunt [ blʌnt ]: a. 钝的; 直爽的
Plump [ plʌmp ]: a. 圆胖的,丰满的, v. 突然放下,支持
Bureau [ 'bjuərəu ]: n. 局,办公处
Interior [ in'tiəriə ]: a. 内部的,内地的
2008.12.24
19．场景分类训练下-历史类之一第七篇

I want to welcome each and every balloon enthusiast to Philadelphia. Thank you for coming here this morning to commemorate the first balloon voyage in the United States. On Jan ninth 1793 at ten o’clock in the morning, a silk balloon lifted into the skies above this city, which was at the time the capital of the country. According to the original records of the flight, the voyage lasted forty-six minutes. From its departure in Philadelphia to it’s landing across the Delaware River in New Jersey. Though our pilots today will try to approximate the original landing site, they’re at the mercy of the winds, so who knows where they will drift off to. Even the balloonist in 1793 experienced some uncertain whether that day. There were clouds, fog and mist in various directions. Our reenactment promises to be nothing less than spectacular. The yellow balloon directly behind me is five stories high. It’s inflated with helium, unlike the original which was filled with hydrogen, and unbeknownst to the pilot, potentially explosive. Gas-filled models are pretty uncommon now, because of the extremely high cost, so the eighty other balloons in today’s launch are hot air, heated by propane burners. These balloons are from all over the country.

Philadelphia [,filə'delfjə ]: n. 费城
Commemorate [kə'meməreit ]: v. 纪念,庆祝
Mercy ['mə:si ]: n. 怜悯,宽恕,仁慈
Mist [mist ]: n. 雾,迷蒙,朦胧不清
Reenactment [rii'næktm(ə)nt ]: n. 重新制定(再次扮演)
Inflated [in'fleitid ]: a. 膨胀, v. 使...膨胀
Helium ['hi:ljəm]: n. 氦
Unbeknownst ['ʌnbi'nəunst]: a. 未知的(不为...所知的)
Propane ['prəupein ]: n. 丙烷
Burners: 炉
2008.12.25
20．场景分类训练下-历史类之一第八篇

Let’s proceed to the main exhibit hall and look at some of the actual vehicles that have played a prominent role in speeding up mail delivery. Consider how long it used to take to send a letter across a relatively short distance. Back in the sixteen hundreds, it took two weeks on horseback to get a letter from Boston to New York, a distance of about two hundred and sixty miles. Crossing a river was also a challenge. Ferry service was so irregular that a carrier would sometimes wait hours just to catch a ferry. For journeys inland there was always the stagecoach. But the ride was by no means comfortable because it had to be shared with other passengers. The post office was pretty ingenious about some routes. In the nineteenth century in the southwestern desert for instance. Camels were brought in to help get the mail through. In Alaska reindeer were used, this practice was discontinued because of the disagreeable temperament of these animals. We’ll stop here a minute so that you can enter this replica of a railway mail car. It was during the age of iron horse that delivery really started to pick up. In fact, the United States transported most bulk mail by train for nearly 100 years. The first airmail service didn’t start until nineteen eighteen. Please take a few moments to look around. I hope you’ll enjoy your tour. And as you continue on your own, may I suggest you visit our impressive philatelic collection. Not only can you look at some of the more unusual stamps issues, but there is an interesting exhibit on how stamps are made.
Ferry ['feri]: n. 渡船,渡口
Proceed [ prə'si:d ]: v. 著手进行,继续进行
Hall [ hɔ:l ]: n. 大厅,礼堂
Vehicles:交通工具；
Vehicle ['vi:ikl]: n. 传播媒介,工具,手段,交通工具,车辆
Prominent ['prɔminənt ]: a. 杰出的,显著的,突出的
Irregular [i'regjulə ]: n. 不合规格之物; a. 不规则的,不整齐的,不合法的
Inland ['inlənd ]: a. 内陆的,国内的
Stagecoach [steidʒkəʊtʃ ]: n. 驿马车,公共马车
by no means:决不；
Ingenious [in'dʒi:njəs]: a. 机灵的,精制的,有独创性的
Iron ['aiən ]: a. 刚强的, n. 铁,熨斗, v. 熨,烫,烫衣服
Route [ru:t]: n. 航线,路线
Reindeer ['reindiə]: n. 驯鹿
Camels ['kæməl ]: n. 骆驼
Disagreeable [,disə'griəbl ]: a. 不愉快的,厌恶的,不为人喜的
Temperament ['tempərəmənt ]: n. 气质,性质,性情
Replica ['replikə]: n. 复制品
Bulk [bʌlk]: n. 大部分,大多数,大块,大批,容积,体积
Impressive [im'presiv]: a. 给人深刻印象的
Philatelic [filə'telik]: a. 集邮的,集邮癖的
Carrier ['kæriə]: n. 运送者,媒介物,带菌者
Discontinued: 停止使用的 取消,停用

2008.12.26
20．场景分类训练下-历史类之一第九篇

Today we’ll examine the role that private transportation-namely the automobile-plays in city planning. A number of sociologists blame the automobile for the decline of the downtown areas of major cities. In the 1950’s and 1960’s the automobile made it possible to work in the city and yet live in the suburbs many miles away. Shopping patterns changed. Instead of patronizing downtown stores, people in the suburbs went to large shopping malls outside the city and closer to home. Merchants in the city failed, and their stores closed. Downtown shopping areas became deserted. In recent years, there has been a rebirth of the downtown areas. As many suburbanites have moved back to the city. They’ve done this, of course to avoid highways clogged with commuters from the suburbs. I’ve chosen this particular city planning problem-our dependence on private transportation-to discuss in groups. I am hoping you all will come up with some innovative solutions. Oh, and don’t approach the problem from a purely sociological perspective, try to take into account environmental and economic issues as well.
Downtown: n. 市中心区,市中心a. 市中心的ad. 往闹区
Suburbs [ 'sʌbə:b ]: 郊外
Patronizing [ 'pætrənaiziŋ ]: a. 俨然以恩人态度的,要人领情的
Decline [ di'klain ]: n. 衰微,跌落v. 降低,婉谢
Rebirth [ ri:'bə:θ ]: n. 新生,复兴
Suburbanites [ sə'bə:bənait ]: n. 郊区居民
Clog [ klɔg ]: n. 阻塞(止轮器) vt 阻塞(粘住,塞满)
Commuters [ kə'mju:tə ]: n. 通勤者,每日往返上班者
Approach [ ə'prəutʃ ]: n. 途径,方法v. 靠近,接近,动手处理
Mall[ mɔ:l ]: n. 商业街,购物商场
2008.12.27
21．场景分类训练下-历史类之一第十篇

Before we begin our tour, I’d like to give you some background information on the painter Grant Wood. We’ll be seeing much of his work today. Wood was born in 1881 in Iowa farm country, and became interested in art very early in life. Although he studied art in both Minneapolis and the art institute of Chicago, the strongest influences on his art was European. He spent time in both Germany and France, and his studied there helped shape his own stylized form of realism. When he returned to Iowa, Wood applied the stylistic realism he had learned in European to the rural life he saw around him and that he remembered from his childhood around the turn of the century. His portraits of farm families imitate the static formalism of photographs of early settlers posed in front of their homes. His paintings of farmers at work, and of their tools and animals, demonstrate a serious respect for the life of the Midwestern United States. By the 1930’s, Wood was a leading figure of the school of art called American regionalism. In an effort to sustain a strong mid-western artistic movement, Wood established an institute of Midwestern art in his home state. Although the institute failed, the painting you are about to see preserve Wood’s vision of pioneer farmers.

Stylized [ 'stailaizd ]: v. 仿效(因袭) a. 程式化的
Stylistic [ stai'listik ]: a. 格式上的,体裁上的
Rural [ 'rʊər(ə)l ]: a. 农村的
Portrait [ 'pɔ:trit ]: n. 肖像,画像
Imitate [ 'imiteit ]: vt. 仿制,仿造,模仿,仿效
Static [ 'stætik ]: a. 静态的,静电的
Formalism ['fɔ:məlizəm ]: n. 拘泥形式,形式主义,虚礼
Photograph ['fəutəgrɑ:f ]: n. 相片v. 照相,摄影
Regionalism['ri:dʒənə,lizəm ]: n. 行政区域划分, 地方(分权)主义
Midwestern [ 'mid'westən ]: a. 美国中西部的
Vision [ 'viʒən ]: n. 视觉,先见之明,光景,视力,眼力
Pioneer [ ,paiə'niə ]: n. 先锋,拓荒者,开劈者v. 提倡,作先驱,开劈
Settler[ 'setlə ]: n. 移居者
Pose[ pəuz ]: n. 姿势,姿态,装模作样v. 摆姿势,装模作样,提出...讨论
Sustain [ səs'tein ]: v. 承受,支持,经受,维持

2008.12.27
22．场景分类训练下-历史类之二第十一篇
In today’s class we’ll be examining some nineteenth century pattern books that were used for building houses. I think it’s fair to say that these pattern books are the most important influence on the design of North American houses during the nineteenth century. This was because most people who wanted to build a house, couldn’t afford to hire an architect. Instead, they bought a pattern book, picked out a plan and took it to the builder. The difference in cost was substantial. In 1870, for example, hiring an architect would’ve cost about 100 dollars. At the same time, a pattern book written by an architect cost only 5 dollars. At that price, it is easy to see why pattern books were so popular. Some are back in print again today. And of course, they cost a lot more than they did a hundred years ago. But they’re an invaluable resource for historians. And also for people who restore old houses, I have a modern reprint here that I’ll be passing around the room in a moment, so that everyone can have a look.
Substantial [ səb'stænʃəl ]: n. 重要部份,本质a. 大量的,实质上的,有内容的
Invaluable [ in'væljuəbl ]: a. 无价的
examine [ ig'zæmin ]: v. 检查,调查,考试
pattern [ 'pætən ]: n. 图案,式样,典范v. 仿造,模仿
restore [ ris'tɔ: ]: v. 回复,恢复,归还
reprint [ 'ri:'print ]: vi. 再版,重印
2008.12.28
23．场景分类训练下-历史类之二第十二篇

Last week, we talked about Anne Bradstreet and the role of women in the Puritan colonies. Today I want to talk about some other women who’ve contributed to the American history, some famous and some not-so-famous. The first woman I’d like to talk about is Molly Pitcher. Those of you who are familiar with the name, may know her as a hero of the American revolution. But in fact, there never was a woman named Molly Pitcher. Her real name was actually Mary Ludwig Hays. She got the nickname Molly Pitcher for her acts of bravery during the revolutionary war. As the story goes, when Mary’s or Molly’s husband John Hays, enlisted in the artillery, Mary followed, like many other wives did. She helped out doing washing and cooking for the soldiers. She was known to be a pretty unusual women, she smoked a pipe and chewed tobacco. Anyway, in the summer of 1778, at the battle of Monmouth, it was a blistering hot day, maybe over a hundred degrees, and fifty soldiers died of thirst during the battle. Molly wasn’t content to stay back at camp. Instead, she run through gunshots and cannon fire carrying water in pitchers from a small stream out to the thirsty American soldiers. The relief that she brought with her pitchers of water, give her the legendary nickname Molly Pitcher. The story also says that she continued to load and fire her husband’s cannon after he was wounded. They say she was so well liked by the other soldiers that they call her Sergeant Molly. In fact, legend has it that George Washington himself gave her the special military title.
Puritan ['pjuəritən ]: n.&a. 清教徒(的)
Colony ['kɔləni ]: n. 殖民地
Nickname ['nikneim]: n. 绰号,昵称v. 给...取绰号,叫错名字
Enlist [in'list]: v. 徵募,参与,支持
Pipe [paip]: n. 管,烟斗,笛v. 以管输送,吹哨子,吹笛
Chew [tʃu:]: v. 咀嚼,嚼碎,细想
Monmouth ['mɔnməθ(ʃiə(r)) ]: 蒙默思郡[英国威尔士原郡名]
Blistering ['blistəriŋ]: 起凸; 形成气孔; 爆皮; 起泡
Thirst [θə:st ]: v. 渴望,渴求; vi. (for)渴望,渴求; vt.&n. 渴,渴望
Gunshot [ 'gʌnʃɔt ]: n. 射击,炮击,射程; a. 射击的
Cannon [ 'kænən ]: n. 大炮vi. 开炮
Pitcher [ 'pitʃə ]: n. 水罐,投手
Relief [ ri'li:f ]: n. 减轻,解除 救济
Sergeant [ 'sɑ:dʒənt ]: n. 警官
Run through: v. 跑着穿过, 刺, 戳, 贯穿, 匆匆处理, 划掉, 挥霍
Legendary [ 'ledʒəndəri ]: a. 传说的; Legend ['ledʒənd ]: n. 传说,传奇
Load [ ləud ]: n. 负荷,重担,装载量v. 装载,装填,担负,给(枪)装子弹
Artillery [ ɑ:'tiləri ]: n. (军)火炮,大炮,炮兵(部队)
2008.12.28
24．场景分类训练下-历史类之二第十三篇

Welcome to the yellow stone national park, before we begin our nature walk today, I’d like to give you a short history of our national park service. The national park service began in the late 1800’s, a small group of explorers has just completed a month-long exploration of the region that is now Yellowstone. They gathered around a campfire, and after hours of discussion, they decided that they should not claim this land for themselves. They felt it should be accessible to everyone. So they began campaign to preserve this land for everyone’s enjoyment. Two years later, in the late nineteenth century, and act of congress signed by President Ulysses S. Grant proclaimed the Yellowstone region a public park. It was the first national park in the world. After Yellowstone became a public park, many other areas of great scenic importance were set aside, and in 1916, the National Park Service was established to manage these parks. As a park ranger, I am an employee of the National Park Service. In a national park, park rangers are on duty at all times to answer questions and help visitors in any difficulty. Nature walks, guided tours, and campfire talks are offered by specially train staff members. The park service also protects the animals and plants within the parks.
Campfire [ 'kæmp,faiə ]: n. 营火,篝火
Accessible [ ək'sesəbl ]: a. 可得到的,易接近的,可进入的
Proclaimed [ prə'kleim ]: v. 宣布,公告,宣言
Scenic [ 'si:nik ]: a. 风景好的,戏剧性的
Set aside: vi. 撇开(不顾,取消,放弃,保留)
Ranger [ 'reindʒə ]: n. 守林人,骑警
At all times: ad. 始终(经常,不论什么时候)
Explorer[ iks'plɔ:rə]: n. 探测者
Exploration [ ,eksplɔ:'reiʃən ]: n. 探险,踏勘,探测